Spermiological findings are evaluated according to three basic spermiogram parameters – total sperm concentration in the ejaculate, sperm motility and sperm shape. According to these criteria, the spermiogram can be described as follows:
Normozoospermia – all evaluated parameters are within the norm.
Oligozoospermia – the sperm count is lower than the norm.
Asthenozoospermia – the percentage of motile sperm is lower than the norm.
Teratozoospermia – the percentage of morphologically normal sperm is lower than the norm.
Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia – a mixed disorder of all three parameters.
Cryprozoospermia – the presence of sperm is confirmed in the ejaculate only after centrifugation.
Leukospermia – an increased percentage of inflammatory cells in the ejaculate above 1 million/ml.
Azoospermia – sperm are not present in the ejaculate.
Necrozoospermia – all sperm are avital.
Aspermia – there is no ejaculate present at all.
Reference values of a normal spermiogram according to WHO 2021:
| Parameter | Lower reference value |
| Volume | >1.5 ml |
| Total number of sperm in the ejaculate | 39 miles. |
| Sperm concentration per ml | 15 miles. |
| Total motility (PR + NP) | 40 % |
| Concentration of progressively motile spermatozoa | >32 % |
| Vitality – live sperm | >58 % |
| Normal sperm morphology | >4 % |
The causes of infertility can vary, with up to 25% of couples experiencing a combination of factors. Therefore, it is important that a comprehensive examination is carried out at the outset and that the assessment does not stop after investigating one cause. After completing the results for both partners of the couple, the doctor suggests the optimal course of treatment.
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